Urbanization and Social Inequality: A Global Analysis of Dynamics, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

This study examines the intricate relationship between urbanization and social inequality across global contexts, aiming to unravel the underlying dynamics, multifaceted impacts, and effective mitigation strategies. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative data analysis (from global datasets such as the World Bank Urban Development Database and UN-Habitat Reports) and qualitative case studies (of megacities including Tokyo, Lagos, and São Paulo), the research identifies key mechanisms through which urbanization exacerbates social disparities—such as unequal access to housing, education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. The findings reveal that while urbanization drives economic growth and technological innovation, it often creates "dual cities" characterized by spatial segregation, income polarization, and marginalization of vulnerable groups (e.g., rural migrants, low-income households, and ethnic minorities). Furthermore, the study highlights that context-specific policies—including inclusive urban planning, affordable housing programs, and equitable public service provision—can effectively alleviate urban social inequality. This research contributes to the interdisciplinary literature on global society and behavioral sciences by providing evidence-based insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to promote sustainable and inclusive urban development worldwide.